Technology And Its Effects On Our Society - 2238 Words

We live in a world where technology is part of our everyday life. For instance, society eats, sleeps, and breaths their cell phone; Since people are attached to their phones, nobody cannot have a pleasant conversation without their phones being a distraction. Ever since technology has taken over our society, it has been easier for hackers to invade our privacy. Now, hackers can activate our computer or phone cameras and watch our every move. Not only is hacking our technology easier, committing cybercrimes is simpler as well. Our world relies entirely on technology, which opens the door to different types of cybercrimes, hackers, and other future online misdeeds. There’s also a psychological reason why people commit these cybercrimes. Our cell phones are being secretly hacked. In the first paragraph of this essay, it states that people are attached to their cell phones; hackers know this by now, consequently it is easier for them to hack into our phones and watch our every mov e. Marc Goodman—an ex-law enforcer and has worked with the FBI, in addition, he is the founder of the Future Crimes Institute (About/bio)—wrote a book called â€Å"Future Crimes: Everything Is Connected, Everyone Is Vulnerable and What We Can Do About It† and he states that Today, there are viruses and Trojans specifically designed to give attackers access to your cell’s microphone†¦even when you are not on a call. Anything you do or any data you store on your mobile phone—your entire text-messagingShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Technology On Our Society1277 Words   |  6 PagesSpecific Purpose: By the end of my speech people will know more about the effects of the technology they use in their everyday lives. Thesis Statement: Our society s dependence on technology has caused many great improvements to our everyday lives and fields of work. This dependence on technology brings both good and bad things too the table. Introduction: Stop, collaborate and listen. Bly is back with a brand new presentation. Something grabs a hold of you tightly flows like a harpoon daily andRead MoreMobile Technology And Its Effect On Our Society939 Words   |  4 PagesNowadays, Mobile Technology Communication has become an essential and also is employed by teens. Thirty years before, it was used only by business, while at present it becomes a small little technology device, which has been accepted by all sections of human society. There are many reasons for its increasing attractiveness, such as its portability, and the rapidly offers on subscriptions†¦the society has fully integrated into the mobile technology. In order to understand the new mobile communicationRead MoreOnline Technology And Its Effect On Our Society880 Words   |  4 Pages In today s world with online technology devices literally in every pocket, on many wrists, in almost all backpacks, in cars, and wi-fi available almost everywhere that y ou stop, shop, or relax, people have become complacent about in-person, face-to-face conversations and have become much more accepting of less face-to-face interaction and more attuned to around the world, around the clock texting, on Instagram, and Snapchat. When it comes to online you, can practically do anything. You can buyRead MoreMobile Technology And Its Effect On Our Society942 Words   |  4 Pagespresent it becomes a small little technology device, which has been accepted by all sections of human society. There are many reasons for its increasing attractiveness, such as its market competition, portability, and also the rapidly offers on subscriptions†¦the society has fully integrated into the mobile technology. In order to understand the new mobile communication technology with teens, here are 3 significant issues to look at: the adoption of mobile technology by teens, identity of Teens, andRead MoreTechnology Has A Great Effect On Students And On Our Society2303 Wor ds   |  10 Pages2016), Rivine Kakoz, A junior at Granite Hills High, argues that the technology has a great effect on students and on our society. She starts by introducing the topic giving background, that are important to know, and then she started by listening supporting and opposing evidences that lead to her thesis. I wrote this pieces in order for readers to have a great understanding of the good effects on our new life of technology. My audience are the teachers at Granite Hills High School. III. Read MoreTechnology Has Changed Our Lives Essay1440 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology Has Taken Over Our Lives Our society has become dangerously dependent on technology. Easy access to technology during every minute of the day can be useful at some points, but overall is not necessary. Specific problems, and causes will give us a glimpse into our growing dependency and how it is affecting our lives in various ways, none of which are appealing. Our society has become too dependent on technology. New technology used in areas such as medicine, business, manufacturing andRead More The Medium is the Message Essay1075 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"content† of technology, but also by the technology itself. The basic â€Å"content† of technology is easy to recognize. The content of the railway would seem to be transportation; the content of the Internet would seem to be information. But McLuhan’s idea that the medium proclaiming the â€Å"content† is itself the message is a hard one to understand. In the example of the railway, he says that â€Å"[t]he railway did not introduce movement or transportation or wheel or road into human society, but it acceleratedRead MoreThe Overuse of Technology in Our Daily Life Essay1452 Words   |  6 Pages†¢ An Introduction Would that be possible to stay away from our technology’s devices for just a day? The answer for this question will bring a lot of negative answers, and of course if we ask this question in a survey, â€Å"NO† will be the winner of this survey. Talking about the use of technology reminded me one of the sources from my annotated bibliography by Amy Petersen, who is the Theatre and Media Arts Department Chair and Associate Professor in the College of Fine Arts and Communications at BrighamRead MoreEssay Technological Determinism1184 Words   |  5 Pagesstudy of new media. By technological determinism, McLuhan refers to technology having the power to change societies and influence our cultures. In this essay I will argue that technology does have the power to change society and influence a civilization, using ideas put forward by Marshal McLuhan. I will also discuss the debate around technological determinism recognizing the claims made by Raymond Williams that society shapes technology as we look back at its emergence and their subsequent control.Read MoreEssay on Technology and the Negative Effects on Society1601 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Since the industrial revolution, society has become more and more dependent on technology. So much so that we sometimes lack the willingness to think before we act. We become impatient if it takes more than a few seconds to download a copy of the morning news paper. We expect immediate responses to our email, and we expect someone to answer their cell phone whenever and wherever we call. â€Å"Industrialization resulted in rapid and sustained economic growth and a massive increase

The War Of The World War II - 1810 Words

On August 2nd, 1914, Germany’s military began moving troops through neutral Belgium in an indirect attempt to weaken the French Army. Ultimately the plan, first penned in 1905 by German Field Marshall, Alfred Von Schlieffen, involved a swift invasion of France, complete debilitation of its military, followed by a defensive operation on the Empire’s lengthy shared border with Russia. Although the assassination of Austro-Hungarian archduke Franz Ferdinand did not occur for nearly 9 years after the formation of the plan, tensions had been rising within continental Europe for the past two decades. Tensions were especially heavy along the western coast of the continent, where land disputes over the Alsace-Lorraine territories had strained†¦show more content†¦German militia understood that geographically, they had an advantage on the Eastern Front; as their own border with Russia extended downward, it merged with the border of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, to which t hey were closely allied with. In other words, they knew that if Russia launched an offensive attack, the neighboring Empire would be able to help hold off troops. Along the other side of Europe however, Germany was at a disadvantage. Although they shared a short border with France, Britain was an island which could not easily be invaded. Moreover, much of the French border was strictly guarded by military, leaving the only feasible invasion strategy through the neutral countries of Holland and Belgium, then eventually down into France. Because they understood that France and Russia were closely allied, and if an offensive attack was launched on France that Russia would mobilize troops, the German Army then set a six-week period to invade France, through its neutral border, before returning men to fight Russia on the other side of the country. This plan operated under the assumption that Russia would take at least two months before they could organize any substantial army force, and in that time, the western members of the Entente could be led to a quick surrender. The result was an elaborate and bold battle strategy prepared specifically for total European

Internet Security Essay Summary Example For Students

Internet Security Essay Summary He doesnt wear a stocking mask over his face, and he doesnt break a window to get into your house. He doesnt hold a gun to your head, nor does he ransack your personal possessions. Just the same hes a thief. Although this thief is one youll not only never see,but you may not even realize right away that hes robbed you. The thief is a computer hacker and he enters your home via your computer, accessing personal information such as credit card numbers which he could then use without your knowledge at least until you get that next credit card statement. RichardBernes, supervisor of the FBIs Hi-Techsquad in San Jose, California, calls the Internet the unlocked window in cyberspace through which thieves crawl (Erickson 1). There seems to be an unlimited potential for theft of credit card numbers, bank statements and other financial and personal information transmitted over the Internet. Its hard to imagine that anyone in todays technologically oriented world could function without computers. Personal computers are linked to business computers and financial networks, and all are linked together via the Internet or other networks. More than a hundred million electronic messages travel through cyberspace every day, and every piece of information stored in a computer is vulnerable to attack (Icove-Seger-VonStorch 1). Yesterdays bank robbers have become todays computer hackers. They can walk away from a computer crime with millions of virtual dollars (in the form of information they can use or sell for an enormous profit). Walking away is precisely what they do. The National Computer Crimes Squad estimates that 85-97 % of the time, theft of information from computers is not even detected (Icove-Seger-VonStorch 1). Home computer users are vulnerable, not only for credit card information and login IDs, but also their files, disks, and other computer equipment and data, whi ch are subject to attack. Even if this information is not confidential, having to reconstruct what has been destroyed by a hacker can take days (Icove-Seger-VonStorch 1). William Cheswick, a network-security specialist at AT;T Bell Labs, says the home computers that use the Internet are singularly vulnerable to attack. The Internet is like a vault with a screen door on the back, says Cheswick. I dont need jackhammers and atom bombs to get in when I can walk in through the door (Quittner 44). The use of the Internet has become one of the most popular ways to communicate. Its easy, fun, and you dont have to leave your home to do it. For example, the advantage of not having to take the time to drive to the bank is so great that they never consider the fact that the information they store or transmit might not be safe. Many computer security professionals continue to speak out on how the lack of Internet security will result in a significant increase in computer fraud, and easier access to information previously considered private and confidential (Regan 26). Gregory Regan, writing for Credit World, says that only certain types of tasks and features can be performed securely. Electronic banking is not one of them. I would not recommend performing commercial business transactions, he advises or sending confidential information across networks attached to the Internet (26). In the business world, computer security can be just as easily compromised. More than a third of major U.S. corporations reported doing business over the Internet up from 26 percent a year ago but a quarter of them say theyve suffered attempted break-ins and losses, either in stolen data or cash (Denning 08A). Dr. Gregory E. Shannon, president of InfoStructure Services and Technologies Inc., says the need to improve computer security is essential. There are newly released computer tools intended to help keep the security of your PC information, but which can just as easily be accessed by computer hackers, as this information will be released as freeware (available, and f ree, to anyone) on the Internet (Cambridge 1). These freely distributed tools could make it far easier for hackers to break into systems. Presently, if a hacker is trying to break into a system, he has to keep probing a network for weaknesses. Before long, hackers will be able to point one of these freeware tools at a network and let it automatically probe for security holes, without any interaction from themselves (Cambridge 1). Hackers, it seems, have no trouble staying ahead of the computer security experts. Online service providers, such as America Online, CompuServe and Prodigy, are effective in providing additional protection for computer information. First of all, you need to use a secret password a customer ID that is typed in when you log on to the network. Then you can only send information, and retrieve your own e-mail, through your own user access. Sometimes the service itself is even locked out of certain information. CompuServe, for example, with its 800 plus private b ulletin boards, cant even read whats on them without gaining prior permission from the company paying for the service (Flanagan 34). Perhaps in an attempt to show how secure they are, these information services will give out very little information about security itself. They all take measures to protect private information, and give frequent warnings to new users about the danger in giving out a password, but there is also danger inmaking the service easy to use for the general public anything that is made easy enough for the novice computer user would not present much of a challenge for a computer hacker. Still, there is a certain amount of protection in using a service provider doing so is roughly equivalent to locking what might be an open door (Flanagan 34). .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554 , .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554 .postImageUrl , .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554 , .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554:hover , .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554:visited , .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554:active { border:0!important; } .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554:active , .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554 .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Saratoga EssayThe latest weak spot that has been discovered is a flaw in the World Wide Web. The Web is the fastest-growing zone within the Internet, the area where most home computer users travel, as its attractive and easy to use. According to an advisory issued on the Internet by a programmer in Germany, there is a hole in the software that runs most Web sites (Quittner 44). This entry point will provide an intruder with access to any and all information, allowing him to do anything the owners of the site can do. Network-security specialist Cheswick points out that most of the Web sites use software that puts them at risk. With more and more home computer uses setting u p their own home pages and Web sites, this is just one more way a hacker can gain access to personal information (Quittner 44). Credit bureaus are aware of how financial information can be used or changed by computer hackers, which has a serious impact on their customers. Loans can be made with false information (obtained by the hackers from an unsuspecting computer users data base); and information can be changed for purposes of deceit, harassment or even blackmail. These occur daily in the financial services industry, and the use of Internet has only complicated how an organization or private individual keeps information private, confidential and, most importantly, correct (Regan 26). Still, there are some measures that can be taken to help protect your information. If you use a virus protection program before downloading any filesfrom the Internet, there is less of a chance a hacker can crack your system. Login passwords should be changed frequently (write it down so you dont forget, but store it in a secure place), and they should never contain words or names that are easily guessed. It may be easier for you to remember your password if you use your sons name, but its also easier for the hacker to detect it. Passwords should always be strictly private never tell anyone else what it is (Regan 26). Evaluate products for their security features before you buy any tool to access the Internet or service providers. Remember, to change the default system password the one you are initially given to set up the network on your computer (Regan 26). Finally, and most importantly, its best to realize that a computer system, regardless of the amount of precaution and protection you take, is never completely protected from outsiders. As protection software becomes more sophisticated, so do the hackers who want to break into your system. Its a good idea not to leave the silver on the dining table when you dont know for sure that a thief cant crawl through your window. Works CitedCambridge Publishing Inc. PC Security: Internet Security Tool to DeterHackers. Cambridge Work-Group, (1995): Jan, pp 1. Denning, Dorothy E. Privacy takes another hit from new computer rules USAToday, (1996): Dec 12, pp 08A. Erickson, Jim. Crime on the Internet A Growing Concern. Seattle PostIntelligencer, (1995): Nov 15,http://technoculture.mira.net.au/hypermail/0032.htmlFlanagan, Patrick. Demystifying the information highway. Management Review,(1994): May 1, pp 34. Icove, David; Seger, Karl; VonStorch, William. Fighting Computer Crime.http://www.pilgrim.umass.edu/pub/security/crime1.htmlQuittner, Joshua. Technology Cracks in the Net. Time, (1995): Feb 27, pp 44. Regan, Gregory. Securely accessing the Internet the World Wide Web: Good orevil?,Credit World, v. 85,(1996): Oct 1, pp 26. Words/ Pages : 1,515 / 24

Strategic Supply Chain Management-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: What is your understanding of strategic Supply Chain Management? Answer: Introduction Strategic management gives main focus on identification and determining the strategies which is very essential for the manager to apply. It should also be taken into consideration so that there can be enhancement in the performance level of the organization. It will also assist the company in achieving the goals and objectives of the organization. The term is used as a decision process which is taken into consideration by the managers to take decisions which are related with the performance of the company. Strategic supply chain management is a very early stage of supply chain in which the supply process of a company is done by immediate supplier (Gzara,Nematollahi Dasci, 2014). There are many goals, targets and policies which are involved and also they are focused on how to cater the demand of the market. It is very effortless to perform in the monopoly market were the outlets are very less and the outlets are located in the limited area. When the business expands there are many de cisions which are concerned with the expansion and also with the supply chain operations to sustain in the market (Bulmus,Zhu, Teunter, 2014).The company also made strategic decisions which are concerned with manufacturing locations and also with the decisions which are related with the strategic decisions on the logistics network. The objective is to ensure that the objectives of supply chain are taken into consideration which can ensure about the efficiency about distribution of goods to the retail stores and to the customers (Tofighi, Torabi Mansouri, 2016).It also gives focus to the competitive products without compromising the quality of goods. It also gives support to the customer by providing the goods on time to them which can increase the efficiency which enhances the goodwill of the organization. FedEx Services FedEx is considered as one of the worlds best and number one company which provides the goods around the world. The company has four segments that are FedEx Express, FedEx Ground, FedEx freight and the FedEx services. It offers the supply chain solution which consists of transportation management and the inventory logistics. When the shipment is cool from the pickup to delivery we can consider it in FedEx cold chain services (McKinnon, 2013).The cold chain services focus on the temperature which should be followed in effective way so that the goods and services can be controlled and secured effectively with proper care (Arabzad, Ghorbani, Tavakkoli-Moghaddam 2015). There is proper arrangement made which are specially designed and there are unique vehicles which are used for pickup and delivery. The quality of services plays an important role. If the company provide good quality then only it can achieve its goals and objectives in effective way and can grow in the sector effectively. The company handles much transportation like air transportation. The FedEx cold chain services take into consideration customers expectations which should be met in effective manner. The tight temperature is maintained which can be deep cold or room temperature. There can be container placement which can be in the aircraft with the cargo which hold temperature and can enhance the optimal performance. The trained temperature control service team will take into consideration the temperature sensitive shipments (Stevens Johnson,2016).It gives temperature monitoring within the shipment and it provides or gives the hard copy temperature documentation which gives a complaint audit trail and regulate the compliance(Alshamsi Diabat, 2015). The FedEx cold chain service targets the market which is related with healthcare, life science and pharmaceutical. The customer purchases the services or avail the services offered by the company because the company provide effective and satisfied servi ces to its customer. The services which are offered have complete monitoring and analyzes of the product and the device which is used is sense ware which keep the goods safe and secure. The company goods on time without any delay with enhance the level of satisfaction of the customer and gives enhancement in the goodwill of the company. The FedEx custom provides the speedy and door to door services to its customers (Jaafar Rafiq, 2017). It also make easy to ship internationally by giving end to end services which consist of custom brokerage, trade facilitation solutions. The customers can use the trade network or also consider the benefit of individual services. This type of service is used by the customers who have business to business packages and where the items are more or cargo (Winter Knemeyer, 2013) .The customers can easily track their package by sitting anywhere in the world and can drop a query or a request if it is related with their package. The company provide safe and secure services to the customers which help the customer to serve more with the company. The company enhances the trust and level of satisfaction in the mind of the customer and helps in establishing a safe a secure working environment for the employees working in the company. The monitoring of the package is done through many devices like sense ware which guides the customer in tracking the package or the goods which are send to them (W alker, Seuring, Sarkis Klassen, 2014).The support system has enhanced the satisfaction level of the customer which enhances the growth and profitability of the company. FedEx faces many issues and problems as there are many multinational courier services companies like DHL. The companies are focusing on competing to ship the goods individually and the businesses which are higher volume will give high profit. The companies also focused on creating advertisements which differentiate themselves by giving advertisements and they try to reach maximum customers as a competitive advantage. DHL is concerned to deliver virtually and they are an active competitor in the main economic hubs where the shipments are concerned with the area of time critical express. FedEx cold chains have control on the flight timings. The timings are accurate and the company always try to deliver the product on time to the customers. The products are delivered properly.The temperature is controlled in effective manner so that the damage cannot take place in the products or goods. The goods are provided in good quality to the consumer and the temperature is set according to the goods so that the goods cannot be destroyed (Ellram,Tate Feitzinger, 2013). There is no disappointment whic h can be due to the timings of the flight. The company provide the goods on time to the customer who have enhanced the goodwill of the company and has given a major growth in this field. One of the reasons that the FedEx cold service is best is that if comparison is made with DHL because there is technology support for the customer. The critical inventory logistics which the business takes into consideration is that it enhances the customer service. The shipments and returns are managed to meet the distribution requirements of the individuals and improves the inventory management (Roman Rude, 2015).By proper inventory management which is considered by the organization it reduces the need for the safety of stock. The customer can get the support from the mobile app or the website that where the product is reached and how much time it will take for the product to be delivered. This is the main reason which provides customer satisfaction and gives enhancement in the business. The main advantage is that the company has a set of cross functional action team for every component which are concerned with the service quality indicator. The FedEx cold services focus and have a complete monitor on the package by using the device named as sense ware which keep the goods safe and secure and the tracking is made easily (Gligor Holcomb, 2014 ).The company effectively and efficiently serves its customers and also take into consideration different FedEx companies. The competition in the market is increasing day by day. The company has to take into consideration effective strategies so that the goals and objectives of the organization can be achieved in effective manner (Dreher, 2014).The integration of information helps the company to gain business synergies all over the world and can across its operating units. By using website also the company provide its customer a single point of contact to satisfy the need of customers. It gives tracking of shipment, invoicing informati on and the services which are concerned with the FedEx office to its customers. The customer can also give a call to the company and can easily access the freight options which are given by FedEx and can give best choice which give a great advantage to the needs of the customers (Govindan Soleimani, 2017). The main reason of expansion is strong information system which gives the company an opportunity to give efficient freight services to its customers who are mainly focused on the pickup and the requirements of delivery and it is concerned with the time that the product should be delivered on time to its customers. The company can achieve its target by delivering the value proposition in effective manner. The company provides good quality and services to its customers and gives flexibility in the operations which are related with transferring of goods and services. The goods are delivered to the customer on time and in good speed which enhances and give growth to the company. The company provides to deliver its goods on time without any delay so that the customer can trust the company and can make other contracts with the company (Singh, Verma Bharti, 2015). The main focus of the company is on the quality that they provide the best quality to the customers which can increase the trust of the customers towards the company. The company can also pursue the growth through acquisition. Trucking and air freight also continue to converge by having large load of freight and it gives an opportunity of offering more time definite delivery (Rivera, Sheffi Knoppen,2016).For expansion the company can look for the opportunities in many areas. There are many freight forwarders which has established themselves as leaders and enabled them to achieve the targets in effective manner. No firm focuses on dominating the services which are concerned with logistics. The main element is speedy delivery which is provided by the company to its customers (Schenkel, Canils, Krikke van der Laan, 2015).It gives enhancement not in the goodwill but also in the profit of the organization. There is an intense competition in this field which should be managed in effectiv e manner and proper documents are required for the smooth operations of the business (Lieb Lieb, 2016). The proposition of the value is delivered by identifying the gaps in the process map. In the process map it consists of incomplete documents which are found in the warehouse. The incomplete document can create a major disadvantage for the company and can create many hurdles for the organization not in present but also in future (Li, 2015). Sometimes problem also arises which are due to the documents which are found in the warehouse and which affect day to day operations of the business. The company can take the advantage of cost because the large scale operations have the opportunity to attain the scale of the economies. To attain the economies of scale it is essential that the company should have a global network of distribution centres which can effectively and efficiently access to large fleet of airplanes, ships and trains (Dai Salam, 2014).The value proposition from FedEx i s by identifying and by analyzing that the customer not only want speedy and fast delivery but also guarantee urgent delivery which is required. The company has become the first overnight courier in the world. Just because of truthful services which are provided by the company, the organization has achieved many advantages and achieved growth in the organization. The Value proposition can be delivered in effective way when the documents which are found in the warehouse are complete and accurate. It gives efficiency to the company and enhances the capability of working. Also the gap which is identified at the time of value proposition is sorting or finding incomplete tax payment in the hub. It affects the working operation of the company and gives affects on the enhancement of the company (Akins, Li, Ng Rusticus, 2016).The incomplete tax payment minimizes the growth of the company and affects the growth of the company. So there should be proper tax payment documents so that the comp any can grow in effective and in efficient manner. The next gap which is identified is related with the rejection from the customer due to many reasons (Mukerjee, 2013). The rejection from customer plays an important role it affects the goodwill of the company and it creates and hinders the working pattern of the company. The company has to face many problems which if not solved immediately can create a disadvantage for the customer as well as for the company. FedEx has the right to refuse, cancel and can also return the shipment at any time if one shipment is causing damage to other shipments, goods in any of the condition (Lakew, 2014).If the company accepts the package or the shipment it does not mean that the shipment is confirmed under the laws and regulations which are present. The main competition in this industry is between FedEx and many other airlines that are related with carry packages and which aims at providing quality services to the customers so that company can easily achieve goals and targets in the organization (Kumar Sharma,2017).The packaging of the company is dependent on the business and the company also take into consideration the effective and efficient services that can be provided easily so that the services can be rendered in effective way without any disturbance to the customers in the organization. The customer can reject the product due to many reasons and the precaution should be taken to reduce the risk so that no chance is given to the customers to reject the product. The customer should not be given any chance to reject the product. Effective strategies should be used so that the company can effectively achieve its goals and objectives of the company. The Fed Ex help the company too work efficiently and also it helps to serve t he customers in effective way (Lee, Kang Prabhu, 2016). The company has many fed ex services which are custom critical which delivers the urgent and valuable items on time by using the trucks and chartered aircraft so that there will be no delay in the delivery of the goods. Next is platinum ex in that it provides global marketing and is concerned with the information technology services for the other companies which are operating in Fed Ex (Antonyov, Antony Soewito 2016). The company should be efficient enough so that proper management can be maintained and the company should follow policies, rules and procedures so that the operations can be done in effective manner. The quality is required to enhance the organization or for the growth of the company without this there can be no growth in the organization. The company deals with the transferring of goods and services from one place to another (O'Kelly, 2014). So it is very essential that everything should be taken into considera tion by proper analyzing the function of the organization. The company take into consideration the services which can be rendered in effective way so that it can induce customers to come again and again and so that the company can serve themselves in effective manner according to the need of the customers (Ellram Cooper, 2014). Conclusion From the analysis which is made in this report it is clearly seen that the FedEx Company provides quality services to the customers and increases the efficiency and focus in the enhancement of the organization. In this it is clearly seen that the company focus on healthcare, life science and pharmaceutical market and the company monitor the package by using sense ware device which also assist and find the location of the package easily by sitting at home. The company has attained the goodwill and known as one of the most popular company who focuses and work with a strategy of cost effectiveness. The company provides best quality services to the customers which is a great advantage of the company. The report contains many advantages which give assistance to the company to achieve its goals and objectives in effective manner. The techniques or the devices which are used by the company are also discussed in this report. This report consists of the cold services which are offered by Fed Ex which enhances the operations of the company and increases the profitability of the company. References Gzara, F., Nematollahi, E., Dasci, A. (2014). Linear location-inventory models for service parts logistics network design.Computers Industrial Engineering,69, 53-63. Tofighi, S., Torabi, S. A., Mansouri, S. A. (2016). Humanitarian logistics network design under mixed uncertainty.European Journal of Operational Research,250(1), 239-250. Arabzad, S. M., Ghorbani, M., Tavakkoli-Moghaddam, R. (2015). An evolutionary algorithm for a new multi-objective location-inventory model in a distribution network with transportation modes and third-party logistics providers.International Journal of Production Research,53(4), 1038-1050. Alshamsi, A., Diabat, A. (2015). A reverse logistics network design.Journal of Manufacturing Systems,37(3), 589-598. Jaafar, H. S., Rafiq, M. (2017). Logistics Service Quality and Commitment in Third Party Logistics.Gading Journal for the Social Sciences,9(01), 65-79. Antonyov, A., Antony, P., Soewito, B. (2016, April). Logistics Management: New trends in the Reverse Logistics. InJournal of Physics: Conference Series(Vol. 710, No. 1, p. 012018). IOP Publishing. Ellram, L. M., Cooper, M. C. (2014). Supply chain management: It's all about the journey, not the destination.Journal of Supply Chain Management,50(1), 8-20. O'Kelly, M. E. (2014). Air freight hubs in the FedEx system: analysis of fuel use.Journal of Air Transport Management,36, 1-12. Lieb, R. C., Lieb, K. J. (2016). 3PL CEO Perspectives on the Current Status and Future Prospects of the Third-party Logistics Industry in North America: The 2014 Survey.Transportation Journal,55(1), 78-92. Lee, S., Kang, Y., Prabhu, V. V. (2016). Smart logistics: distributed control of green crowdsourced parcel services.International Journal of Production Research,54(23), 6956-6968. Rivera, L., Sheffi, Y., Knoppen, D. (2016). Logistics clusters: The impact of further agglomeration, training and firm size on collaboration and value added services.International Journal of Production Economics,179, 285-294. Roman, E., Rude, M. (2015). Human data: The powerful differentiator for Fedex, MassMutual and Gilt.Journal of Digital Social Media Marketing,3(1), 31-36. Mukerjee, K. (2013). Customer-oriented organizations: a framework for innovation.Journal of Business Strategy,34(3), 49-56. Kumar, V., Sharma, R. R. K. (2017). Exploring critical success factors for TQM implementation using interpretive structural modelling approach: extract from case studies.International Journal of Productivity and Quality Management,21(2), 203-228. Dai, H., Salam, A. F. (2014). Does service convenience matter? An empirical assessment of service quality, service convenience and exchange relationship in electronic mediated environment.Electronic Markets,24(4), 269-284. Singh, A., Verma, D., Bharti, V. (2015). An Examination of the Relationship between Service Quality Dimensions, Overall Internet Banking Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction.International Journal of scientific research and management,3, 1978-1988. Lakew, P. A. (2014). Economies of traffic density and scale in the integrated air cargo industry: The cost structures of FedEx Express and UPS Airlines.Journal of Air Transport Management,35, 29-38. Akins, B., Li, L., Ng, J., Rusticus, T. O. (2016). Bank competition and financial stability: evidence from the financial crisis.Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis,51(1), 1-28. Li, S. L. (2015). Competition and Efficiency of International Carrier Freight Routes at Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport.Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies,11, 2296-2315. Dreher, S. (2014). Social media and the world of work: A strategic approach to employees participation in social media.Corporate Communications: An International Journal,19(4), 344-356. Govindan, K., Soleimani, H. (2017). A review of reverse logistics and closed-loop supply chains: a Journal of Cleaner Production focus.Journal of Cleaner Production,142, 371-384. Bulmus, S. C., Zhu, S. X., Teunter, R. (2014). Competition for cores in remanufacturing.European Journal of Operational Research,233(1), 105-113. Gligor, D. M., Holcomb, M. C. (2014). Antecedents and consequences of integrating logistics capabilities across the supply chain.Transportation Journal,53(2), 211-234. McKinnon, A. C. (2013). Starry-eyed: journal rankings and the future of logistics research.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,43(1), 6-17. Wang, M., Jie, F., Abareshi, A. (2015). Evaluating logistics capability for mitigation of supply chain uncertainty and risk in the Australian courier firms.Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics,27(3), 486-498. Ellram, L. M., Tate, W. L., Feitzinger, E. G. (2013). Factor?market rivalry and competition for supply chain resources.Journal of Supply Chain Management,49(1), 29-46. Stevens, G. C., Johnson, M. (2016). Integrating the supply chain 25 years on.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,46(1), 19-42. Schenkel, M., Canils, M. C., Krikke, H., van der Laan, E. (2015). Understanding value creation in closed loop supply chainsPast findings and future directions.Journal of manufacturing systems,37, 729-745. Winter, M., Knemeyer, A. M. (2013). Exploring the integration of sustainability and supply chain management: Current state and opportunities for future inquiry.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,43(1), 18-38. Walker, P. H., Seuring, P. S., Sarkis, P. J., Klassen, P. R. (2014). Sustainable operations management: recent trends and future directions.International Journal of Operations Production Management,34(5).

Descarte`s Cartesian Doubt Essays - Philosophical Methodology

Descarte`s Cartesian Doubt In his first meditation, Descartes sets out with amazing clarity and persistence to clear himself of every false idea that he has acquired previous to this, and determine what he truly knows. To rid him of these "rotten apples" he has developed a method of doubt with a goal to construct a set of beliefs on foundations which are indubitable. On these foundations, Descartes applies three levels of skepticism, which in turn, generate three levels at which our thoughts may be deceived by error. Descartes states quite explicitly in the synopsis, that we can doubt all things which are material as long as "we have no foundations for the sciences other than those which we have had up till now"(synopsis:12). This skepticism also implies that doubt can free us from prejudices, enabling the mind to escape the deception of the senses, and possibly discover a truth which is beyond doubt. The first and main deception in Descartes opinion has evolved from sense perception "What ever I have up till now accepted as most true I have acquired either from the senses or through the sense. But from time to time I have found that the senses deceive, and it is prudent never to trust completely those who have deceived us even once"(1:18[13]). At the root of our beliefs, Descartes argues, lie the experiences we gain from our senses, because these are sometimes mistaken, as in the case of mirages or objects which appear small in the distance, and because of this he will now forfeit all of his most reliable information . More importantly it may be to follow in the steps of Plato and require knowledge that is certain and absolute ( Prado 1992 ). This argument consists of four main premises: 1. All that he has accepted as true up to this point, he has acquired by the senses or Cartesian Doubt 3 through the senses; 2. but on occasion these senses have been deceptive. 3. It is wise not to trust anything that has been deceiving in the past 4. Therefore, it is possible to be mistaken about everything. In premise one his beliefs are derived from the senses, such as he sees that he has a paper in his hand and concludes that it is a paper, and what is meant by through the senses, is that his beliefs may have been based on others sense experience. All Descartes requires for the second premise is the possibility that he may have been deceived, for if he cannot decide which is wrong, than he must not have any knowledge. This leads to the third premise where it seems at least reasonable to assume, that if one has been deceived previously, there is no absolute assurance that it is presently correct. Therefore, there is a chance of being deceived about everything. But many critics will argue that several of these false percepts can be corrected by means of alternative senses, such as he bent stick in water example. Although our sight may be tricked into thinking that the mirage exists, by using the sense of touch we can correct this falseness, and uncover what truly exists. Descartes does retreat, and assess the damage from his first level by saying, "there are many other beliefs about which doubt is quite impossible, even though they are derived from the senses-for example, that I am here, sitting by the fire, wearing a winter dressing gown.." (1:18[12]). Here even he objects to the validity of his argument, even if he could be deceived about anything he perceives, this does not mean that he is deceived about everything. Just because his senses are unreliable at times is not proof enough that everything in the world is false (Williams 1991). In addition to being delusional, Descartes believes we can be tricked by madness or insanity. Since those who are insane may interpret things detached from reality by means of their senses, " how could it be denied that these hands or this whole body are mine? Unless perhaps I were to liken myself to madmen, whose brains are so damaged by the persistent vapours of melancholia" (1:19 [13]), they in fact believe these percepts to be true. Though Descartes does go on to say "such people are insane, and I would be thought equally mad if I took anything from them as a model for myself", and continues by likening the dreams he has to the experiences a madman faces when awake. From here Descartes makes a stronger argument

pinochet essays

pinochet essays "It was a day in spring , December 20,1973 at about 4:30 pm , that I heard several knocks on the door of my house , which sounded unfamiliar and threatening. My brother had just returned home from his work in the textile industry and had gone to our common bedroom to lie down for his usual short afternoon nap. I went to answer the door and encountered three men with a very cold attitude. One of them asked me in a dry voice ; Does Pedro Rojas live "Before answering, an infinity of urgent thoughts passed through my adolescent 16-year old brain. I knew that my brother had been a memmber or a political organization of young people who supported the party of the recently overthrown government and that in our neighborhood many of his friends had been detained. For this reason I went through an internal struggle whether to give the government agent an affirmative answer as to the whereabouts of my brother......and for twenty-five years now, I have been living with the regret of having done so. If I had denied my brother's presence that day , it might have given him a tiny chance of It all started when Salvador Allende Gossens was elected as president of Chile in 1970 Allende then nationalized many industries , including the copper mines , in which U.S. business had a lot of money invested in. Doing this cause economical problems and then aggravated by strikes. The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency saw this to be the perfect time for a military coup. This is where the government is overthrown. As a result of this military coup Allende was eliminated on September 11, 1973. his successors declared that he had committed suicide,while his supporters claimed that he was murdered . At the time Pinochet was the military general ,so when the military coup happe ...

The practises and process of change management Essay

The practises and process of change management - Essay Example Due to ease of measurement and adjustment, more concentration is given to the hard side and the soft side is ignored as the impacts on the soft side are hard to measure and due to this difficulty, they are even hard to alter. It is clear that the most challenging part of change management is the soft side or the side that concerns people. Body A huge range of change management models and literature is available to help managers in dealing with changes and implementing changes successfully. Theoretical models have provided tremendous amount of insight about how managers can successfully implement change. But these models are not applicable to every situation and managers need to handle change according to their own situations. The models provided for change by several theorists have been created while keeping in mind that these models are applicable to the general population of the organizations. The first theory proposed regarding change was done by Kurt Lewin in which he stated that there are a number of factors that influence an individual’s perception to change and an individual might go through three stages in order to accept and implement change. According to Kurt Lewin’s theory, change does not occur suddenly; rather individuals and organization go through a process before they finally adopt change. According to him there are three stages that need to be travelled for organization’s to change. The first part of this three staged process is unfreezing in which the state of an organism of not being ready to accept changed is altered to being ready and enthusiastic to take the initial steps to accept change (MAILICK, 1998, p.15). The unfreezing stage is undoubtedly the most important of all stages because in this change an individual has to first be ready to change. To make an individual ready to accept change, the management of an organization has to take several necessary steps. These steps include, informing employees about the necess ity of changing and the current comfort boundary is no longer a viable option. The information about necessity to change will motivate individuals and the higher will be the amount of urgency to change, the higher the level of employee motivation towards change will increase (GILLEY, 2005, p.35). Once the management has been successful in unfreezing the people working within the organization, they next move towards solving the issue of how to continue with the change process. Kurt Lewin states that change is not a one time event; it continues to take place in the form of a process and thus has regarded the process of change as a transition (MAILICK, 1998, p.15). Transition here does not signal the changes that can be witnessed; rather these changes include those alterations that take place inside as a reaction of the proposed change. The second stage proposed by Kurt Lewin is the changing stage in which the actual change arises and the changes that are desirable take place. In this stage, the employees working within an organization shift from old ways of doing things to new ways of doing things. The problem with this stage is that it is the most complex stage of the entire change process as this stage gives rises to the fear of unknown within the people (SENGUPTA, 2006, p.3). This change step is even considered difficult as in

Present problems will not be solved without successful organizations, Essay

Present problems will not be solved without successful organizations, and organizations cannot be successful without effective leadership. - Bennis & Nanus, 199 - Essay Example Thus leadership behavior can come from an individual, a collective group of leaders, or even from the disincarnate — if not mystical — characteristics of a celebrity figurehead. Followers often endow the leader with status or prestige. Aside from the prestige-role sometimes granted to inspirational leaders, a more mundane usage of the word "leadership" can designate current front-runners that exercise influence over competitors, for example, a corporation or a product can hold a position of "market leadership" without any implication of permanence or of merited respect. Note that the ability to influence others does form an integral part of the "leadership" of some but not all front-runners. A front-runner in a sprint may "lead" the race, but does not have a position of "leadership" if he does not have the potential to influence others in some way. Thus one can make an important distinction between "being in the lead" and the process of leadership. Leadership implies a relationship of power — the power to guide others. In 1994 House and Podsakoff attempted to summarize the behaviors and approaches of "outstanding leaders" that they obtained from some more modern theories and research findings2. Power obviously is a pervasive reality in the life process of all modern-day organizations. Leaders regularly acquire and use power to accomplish specific work goals and to strengthen their own positions vis-Ã  -vis the reading of general or organizational goals. It is possible to see every interaction and every social relationship in an organization as involving an exercise of power3. Hence the term power, influence and Leadership are full of ambiguity for a layperson, or within political contexts. Control under organizational change can be transformed into opportunity that exercise influence over the organization of work, and thus create

RFID Tags Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

RFID Tags - Assignment Example The pivotal reasons behind the adoption are high operating costs and numerous stakeholders for the delivery of services. One way to overcome these challenges is the effective use of RFIDCovered cost-benefits of the RFID are labor cost savings, reduction of inventory, reduction of capital expense, increase patient management and reduce operating cost. RFID provides accurate inventory. The replacement cost of the lab supplies can be reduced by RFID. Unnecessary rush orders and lost equipment can hamper the cost-benefit of the healthcare. The cost of the RFID technology is higher. The stolen or misplaced equipment means lost data and time-consuming. The access of lost clinical and financial records can be expensive. The use of RFID applications in the healthcare makes the process of tracking equipment and inventory quite easier (McDonnell & Sheard, 2012). It helps to provide accurate information of each item that is being tracked. The tracking of medical instruments is much more secure and efficient. The possibility of human error is reduced by the use of RFID. It is an automated technology that can quickly capture multiple assets with a single pass. Some problem in hardware can lead to lost financial and clinical data. The use of RFID can be expensive for small enterprises. The use of RFID in the healthcare helps to provide better protection to the vulnerable patients. RFID wrist bands are provided to patents to track their movement in the facility. The privacy of the consumers is recorded in the RFID tags. The common problem of RFID is tag collision. All the information of the patients is stored in the RFID chip and can only be viewed through company scanners. Some of the RFID tags that are used in the healthcare can be readable approximately to 100 meters. This eventually raises the privacy concern. Sensitive information can be collected by any unwilling source. The use of RFID technology can be highly adaptable

Community Service As Punishment Under The Ipc Criminology Essay

Community Service As Punishment Under The Ipc Criminology Essay Community service constitute an apologetic reparation that the person is now required to make to the community what he has wronged. The Indian Penal Code was the enacted in 1860 by virtue of the classic legal draftsmanship of Lord Macaulay. If there would have been a concept of community service prevalent at that time then the authors are sure that there would have been no need to urge the inclusion of the same in the Indian Penal Code. But since this exclusion by Macaulay is because of no fault of his it is our duty to incorporate such to meet the demands of the time and to make the IPC a living social document. Section 53 of the IPC  [2]  provides for the various types of punishments. But these are old and do not meet the exigencies of the present day globalised world. The authors yearn for inclusion of community service as a mode of punishment. Indian draftsmen have not overlooked the necessity of such a restorative mode in recent enactments. We find the inclusion of community service in The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000  [3]  (Section 15  [4]  ). Community service is defined as an order that requires an offender (who must consent and be aged at least 16) to perform unpaid work for between 40 and 240 hours under the supervision of a probation officer. Formerly known as a  Community Service Order. It can also be defined as A  community  order  which requires the  offender  to do unpaid work in the community under the supervision of a  probation officer.  [5]  Moreover the work that the offender is required to undertake has some obvious relation to the nature of offence.  [6]   History of community service The first organized community service program meant systematically to be used in place of short prison sentences were established in ad-hoc basis in California in the 1960s. . Thus community service was indirect alternative to imprisonment.  [7]  In the United Kingdom, Parliament enacted legislation in the early 1970s giving the courts specific powers to order community service as a sentencing sanction.  [8]  In the early 1980s after a series of private pilot projects the Dutch implemented community service nationwide and evaluators made comparable findings.  [9]  It was Lenin  [10]  who also stressed on the importance of community service.  [11]   Benefits of Community Service Community service serves the goals of punishment, reparation, restitution and even rehabilitation. It is beneficial to the offenders  [12]  , the community  [13]  , the victim  [14]  and even to the courts.  [15]  So community service has both the social and the cognitive benefits. It also serves as an alternative to imprisonment (India has 32 prisoners per 1000 of population. We have 11094.25 lakhs prisoners in India as on 31 December 2005)  [16]  which is morally reprehensible and indefensible  [17]  . Moreover Prisons have proved ineffective in their object of reforming the criminals. Research indicates that about half of all prison inmates are likely to be rearrested and returned to prison, many soon after their release from an institution.  [18]  Contamination is the gist of prison life. Prisons are dens of criminality. The unsophisticated offender is compelled to associate with the hardened professional criminals and thereby he learns not only the te chniques of committing the crime but also the specific drives, rationalisation and attitudes of crime.  [19]  The Community Service Program is intended to add some refinement by requiring the offender to put back into society through performing a job for the community.  [20]   Not only do offenders need to be addressed as active participants rather than as passive recipient of punishment or treatment, but they also need to be positively motivated to engage in the process of change to law-abiding lives. Performing work for the community, as well as requiring offenders to pay back to the society helped them realize that they had contribution to make to the society.  [21]   Developments in India Macaulay may have not envisaged the need of community service as it was not prevalent at that time. But it first dawned upon India in the 42nd report  [22]  of the Law Commission.  [23]  Then an Amendment bill  [24]  was introduced in the Parliament  [25]  which was passed in the Rajya Sabha but due to the proclamation of emergency it could not be passed in the Lok Sabha and it lapsed. Again the Law Commission in its 156th report  [26]  urged the need to implement community service in Indian Penal system.  [27]  Even the Malimath Committee and others  [28]  recommended community service as mode of punishment.  [29]   Community Service Scheme has also been started in one state i.e. Gujarat and it is an alternate for offences under the Bombay Prohibition Act. Another state i.e. Andhra Pradesh (Prison is a state subject)  [30]  has also amended the Penal Code and introduced Community Service as a punishment. This legislation is now pending with the Union Government for their concurrence.  [31]   Cases and pronouncements We have instances where the court has ordered the offender to do community service in lieu of the offence that he has committed. The Delhi High Court asked two businessmen to perform community service with a voluntary organisation for a year as punishment for firing three shots at their friend for fun. Justice Sanjay Kishan Kaul, while quashing a first information report (FIR) against the two businessmen Monday, asked Delhi Police not to return their gun for a year.  [32]  For sexually harassing a woman on the bus the magistrate asked the offender to write a 25-page essay on eve-teasing and harassment. He was asked to make 500 copies of the essay and distribute them outside schools and colleges.  [33]  In probably a first, the Patna High Court has given provisional bail to two accused in a mobile phone loot case on the condition that they would have to do community service at a local temple thrice a week for six months.  [34]   The Indian Supreme Court though not having argued (even in their obiters) to have community service as a mode of punishment has nevertheless hinted at the importance and need for such type of restorative sanction. in one of the case the court said- A few other weighty factors deserve reference. All deprivation of liberty is validated by social defense and individual correction along an anti-criminal direction, public justice is central to the whole scheme of bail law. Fleeing justice must be forbidden but punitive harshness should be minimized. Restorative devices to redeem the man, even through community service, meditative drill, study classes or other resources should be innovated.  [35]   The unacceptable anomaly Community service was not incorporated in the IPC. The reason fascinates and confuses me. The neo democratic style of non-inclusion is too hard to swallow. The Law Commission of India circulated a letter highlighting the main issues involved in the Penal Code for eliciting views from various quarters.  [36]   The letter was sent to Registrars of High Courts, the Home Secretary of the State Governments Union Territories, the President of Supreme Court Bar Association and High Courts Bar Association, National Commission for Human Rights, National Commission for Minorities, National Commission for SC ST, National Womens Commission, State Law Commissions, Police Officers, Advocates, Academicians and some social organisations, Institutions etc. Responses were received from three State Governments, Seven Judges and one Additional Registrar of High Courts, Two Advocates, Six Police Officers, One State Law Commission, One Academician and Two organisations (Nirantar and Federation Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry).  [37]   Now the recommendation that came out was that the proposed section 74 should not and cannot be implemented in India. The report laid- This section contemplates a supervisory authority to see whether the convict is working and rendering service for the number of hours specified and if he fails to do so by way of default, he has to be sentenced thereafter. We think an open air prison system is better suited from the point of view of the correctional measures rather than the proposed punishment of community service. The community service no doubt is another innovation in the direction of correctional methods but as voiced in many workshops it may not be practicable to give an effect to and also may not amount to punishment. The most horrifying aspect of the entire thing is that merely on the views of some of the judges, advocated, academicians, police officers and organizations an innovative and pulsating need of the criminal justice system was not implemented. The authors are unable to find a rational nexus with the reasons given for such non inclusion. Reforms Suggested What the authors want is that is not the inclusion of community service as a form of punishment but the authors want the successful and effective implementation of community service as a form of punishment under the code prepared by the legal acumen of Macaulay. That is the reason we do not recommend to amend the IPC and include community service as a sixth form of punishment immediately as was once tried by the 1976 bill.  [38]  It would not be an inclusion as we nowadays find the Indian legislators just amend and insert new provisions  [39]  in the enactments without looking at its suitability and implemantability.  [40]   The authors suggest an area approach (AA) in the inclusion of community service as a mode of punishment. Firstly few selected areas must be selected which have the resources and concentration of specific crimes occurring in specific areas. Firstly, the Union must select few states and urge them to implement community service programs in few select areas. These areas must be selected by the state themselves with the concurrence of the Union. The areas should be selected on the basis of criterias such as prevalence of petty offences, resources available  [41]  etc as decided by the state governments. The authors only intend to suggest that first implementation issues must be dealt with as per the acumen and foresight of the legislature and the executive. Then only we can dream of such a form of sanction. This was one precise lacuna in the 1976 Amendment bill. Beside this lacuna the authors find no other major loophole and feel that the proposed amendment was to a very large extent acceptable. But we suggest that in all the cases where the judge convicts the accused and imposes fine as the only punishment community service should be made compulsory. The other recommendations are as follows- It is recommended that in order to address such problem and increase efficiency, special community service officers be appointed and trained to handle offenders on community service. A lot of publicity should be given to this schemes initiation so that even the grass roots and the have-nots of the society are aware of such a change. The spread of the scheme must not be confined to the legal fraternity and experts. It must not remain a burning topic for the scholars and the academicians to debate and write scholarly articles and researches. The modes of publicity as newspapers, media and the government. The entire implementation and the process and the procedure of the community service scheme must be available in almost all the recognized languages of India so that the local masses are aware of it. It must be simple and clearly worded. The cooperation of various stakeholders such as the civil servants, the judiciary, the policy-makers and all other relevant stakeholders within the criminal justice system is vital for the process of implementation of the programme as well as for its ongoing sustainability. The implementation of such programme should be seen as the responsibility of every Indian, and endeavor should be made to help it succeed as a new intervention to replace imprisonment. ABSTRACT The Indian Penal Code was the enacted in 1860 by virtue of the classic legal draftsmanship of Lord Macaulay. If there would have been a concept of community service prevalent at that time then the authors are sure that there would have been no need to urge the inclusion of the same in the Indian Penal Code. But since this exclusion by Macaulay is because of no fault of his it is our duty to incorporate such to meet the demands of the time and to make the IPC a living social document. The research paper tries to incorporate the needs and the benefits of community service in India. It would then delve upon the legal development of inclusion of community service as mode of punishment. It would be done by scrutinizing the reports of the law commissions, judicial pronouncements and the lapsed bills which urged such a reform. Then authors would suggest concluding the problems in the inclusion and implementation of community service in India and how to overcome these difficulties so that IPC meets the social needs and critics find one issue sorted in criticizing the IPC and its efficacy.

Simple Machines :: essays research papers

Simple Machines Definitions: Machine- A device that makes work easier by changing the speed , direction, or amount of a force. Simple Machine- A device that performs work with only one movement. Simple machines include lever, wheel and axle, inclined plane, screw, and wedge. Ideal Mechanical Advantage (IMA)- A machine in which work in equals work out; such a machine would be frictionless and a 100% efficient IMA= De/Dr Actual Mechanical Advantage (AMA)- It is pretty much the opposite of IMA meaning it is not 100% efficient and it has friction. AMA= Fr/Fe Efficiency- The amount of work put into a machine compared to how much useful work is put out by the machine; always between 0% and 100%. Friction- The force that resist motion between two surfaces that are touching each other. What do we use machines for?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Machines are used for many things. Machines are used in everyday life just to make things easier. You use many machines in a day that you might take for granted. For example a simple ordinary broom is a machine. It is a form of a lever. Our country or world would never be this evolved if it wasn't for machine. Almost every thing we do has a machine involved. We use machines to manufacture goods, for transportation, ect.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the W=F*d equation the trade of between force and distance is as you use a machine the force goes down and distance goes up. If there was no friction they would be equal and trade.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are six simple machines. They are a lever, pulleys, inclined plain, wheel and axle, screw, and wedge. The lever is used very often an example of a lever is a broom. Your hand is the fulcrum and when you sweep it is a lever. A lever consist of a fulcrum, effort, and resistance. A pulley is used to lift or pull objects with a advantage. To get a advantage it matters how many lines are going to the load. For example if there is 3 lines to the load it is a 3/1 advantage. A inclined plain is used to lift an object easier but with more work. Instead of lifting it straight up you push it a greater distance but with less force. A screw is a inclined plain wrapped around a cylinder post. Its like a ramp around the screw. A wedge is a inclined plain with one or two sloping sides. Chisels, knives, and ax blades are examples of wedges.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  IMA is ideal mechanical advantage meaning a frictionless world with 100% efficiency. It is saying that work in and work out are exactly the same.

Motivation vs Psychological Contract

During the history people’s expectations and needs have been changing. They depends inter alia on actual situation on the market and current necessities of life. The economy climate is also important in creating people’s performance. People will make a good performance at work when their situation is certain. Poor performance will be made when situation is unstable. One of the key issues connected with the employee performance is motivation. Without well-motivated employees enterprise cannot exist on the market for a long time. Employees are very important part of the company, because thanks to them it can perform properly and fulfill its goals and assumptions. Unmotivated employees will not make their job with proper involvement and commitment, so their performance will be contrary to expectations of an employer. One of the biggest challenge for an employer is to motivate its employees to perform on the required level. Nowadays, it is not easy thing to do. Different types of employees have different expectations and things which motivate them. Different authors created motivation theories, but most of them was created in the last century. Great influence over people has also a psychological contract between them and their organization. Motivation theories and the psychological contract are the most powerful tools to motivate people, when they are used in the right context. Person is motivated when he knows what he wants to do to achieve specific goal. Motivation covers all factors which makes person to act from positive, like money, to negative, like fear of defeat. Motivation factors are different for each individual person. They are changing because of age, sex, position in society, education, level of skills, knowledge and circumstances. Also support from the managers and leaders has a significant meaning. Unmotivated manager cannot lead people to good performance. Organizational background and surrounding environment should be motivating. When managers knows employee’s needs, demands and expectations they are able to treat one as an individual and have specific approach depending on person’s character and attitude. Managers cannot forget about person’s development and setting realistic and challenging targets. Important in keeping positive motivation is also reward for a good job performance. People like to be awarded and that keeps them self-motivated on a high level (Adair 2006). â€Å"Motivation is an important part both in an individual’s and in a company’s performance. Even very well trained and very able employee will not perform well unless motivated. Higher motivation does not always result in a direct increase in productivity, because, in many jobs, productivity is limited by other people or by the pace of machine†(Robertson 1992:137). The motivation theories fall into two groups content and process theories. â€Å"First of them explain why people behave in a particular way in terms of those individuals’ pursuits of need fulfillment. Content theories attempt to determine the specific needs that motivate individuals†(Gallagher 1997). A group of the content theories includes theories of McGregor, Herzberg and McClelland. Process theories are those of, for example, Vroom’s, Adams’, Hackman’s and Oldham’s. Theory X and Theory Y created by McGregor assumed there are two kinds of people. In Theory X people are lazy, unambitious and want to avoid responsibility. Employees are against the system and represent defensive attitude. Very high level of supervising is required otherwise people will perform very poor. Theory Y says that work is in a human nature and it is able to provide enjoyment and self-fulfillment. Managers have just to make a positive climate for personal development and minimize supervision. Thanks to this people will feel self-reliance, confident and self-actualized (Tyson 1993:11). Herzberg was researching factors which have influence over people’s feelings about work. Those factors brings out satisfaction or dissatisfaction: achievement, recognition from others, the work itself, responsibility, opportunities for advancement, company policy and administration, supervision, salary, interpersonal relations, working conditions. He recognized two groups of factors satisfying needs. First one are external (hygiene) factors that cause unhappiness and dissatisfaction. They have to be present to avoid dissatisfaction, but by themselves they do not provide satisfaction. Managers need to provide intrinsic factors to keep employees happy with their job. He claimed that employee abilities should be fully used otherwise he will not be well motivated (Thomson 2003). „How Herzberg theory applies to XXXX employees. Management at XXXX understands that hygiene factors can potentially cause dissatisfaction among their employees, which in turn can lead to the loss of productivity and profitability. Therefore, they gave their employees Herzberg's theory assessment. With these results, the company is able to provide competitive pay and bonuses that can motivate employees to work harder XXXX believes that rewarding hard working employees satisfies the motivating factor of job security. The company confirms this with pay incentives. Moreover, Management realizes that work conditions could play an integral part of their business success, not only for their employees, but for their customers as well. In addition to the brand new facilities, they also use state of the art cleaning materials that clean and make any surface resistant to dirt and decay. It is the goal of XXXX to maintain job satisfaction from all of its employees by increasing motivators and decreasing hygiene factors by constantly evaluating themselves through their employees† (Hunter 2007). McClelland’s research has identified three basic categories motivating needs, power, affiliation and achievement, into which people could be grouped, according to which need appears to be the main motivator in their lives. Those most interested in positions seek position of control and influence; those from whom affiliation is most important seek pleasant relationships and enjoy helping others; achieveme nt seekers want success, fear failure, are task-oriented and self-reliant. The implications of the theory in practice are that managers can identify employees who are self-motivated, those who rely more on internal incentives and those who could increase their achievement drive through training† (Tyson 1993:10). Vroom’s theory has three basics elements: expectancy, instrumentality and valence. Expectancy is belief that if a person make an effort to achieve goals he will be seen and appreciated. Instrumentality is conviction that when employee do what should be done with proper accuracy he will be rewarded by salary increase, promotion or other form of appreciation. Valence is the value added by individual to the outcome. Employee will be poorly motivated if his reward has little valence for him (Kermally 2005:53). Adams argued that people want to receive relative returns for the effort they have put into work. Equity theory is based on the individual’s perception of fear treatment. â€Å"This theory bases explanations of behaviour on perceptions of social comparisons. Theory argues that the more intense the perceived inequity, the higher the tension and the stronger the motivation to act†(Buchanan 2004:251). Hackman and Oldham theory of job satisfaction presumes that three main rules decide about work. In the first of them person must perceive work as reasonable, rational. Second one says that person should take the responsibility for own work results. In the last one person should have chance to meet own work results. In their opinion each job should take into consideration above rules. Moreover, if those rules are included the higher probability of motivation occurs more by the job content than by some external factors. In planning the job complexity and level of difficulty should be taken into account (Miner 2006). In every day live people meet with contracts of a different type, for example contract of employment, bank contract etc. Contract is an agreement between two or more participants, which contains some settlements between them. In companies, apart form the contract of employment also can be found an unwritten psychological contract, which is very important to keep a good relationships between the employer and the employees. Psychological contract is necessary to keep long term agreement. It contains mutual expectations and obligations. Fundamentally, the psychological contract expresses the combination of beliefs held by an individual and his or her employer about what they expect of one another. It can be described as the set of reciprocal but unarticulated expectations that exist between individual employees and their employers. As defined by Schein (1965): The notion of a psychological contract implies that there is an unwritten set of expectations operating at all times between eve ry member of an organization and the various managers and others in that organizationâ€Å" (Armstrong 2006:225). The meaning of mutual expectations is also underlined by other researchers, such as: Rousseau and Wade-Benzoni, Katz and Kahn. Expectations are related with behaviour, often they are presumed and they are not formulated in the job contract. Employees may expect, and they usually do, fair treatment, just wage, possibility of future development and that they will be informed what they are expected to do. But expectations are mutual, so the employers also have them. Generally, they want to receive obedience, loyalty, commitment in business or job efficiency. It is normal that each side of this contract possess its own set of assumptions of the other one’s behaviour. Sometimes lack in fulfillment of mutual expectations can cause tensions and misunderstandings, or even dissolving of the contract of employment. â€Å"The significance of the psychological contract was further explained by Sims (1994) as follows: A balanced psychological contract is necessary for a continuing, harmonious relationship between the employee and the organization. However, the violation of the psychological contract can signal to the participants that the parties no longer share (or never shared) a common set of values or goalsâ€Å" (Armstrong 2006:227). Establishing a common set of values or goals is very important to keep positive and proper relations between people in the organization. Especially important seems to be their verbalization, because when people do not know what they can expect, they will not know why they are disappointed afterwards, when their expectations are not met. But they will have a feeling that something is done not as it should be. For the organization that kind of attitude can have a bad influence, because dissatisfied employees can have a negative effect on the organization activities. Specific character of the psychological contract in the organization is not based on a single transaction, because as Spindler claims: †every day people create relationships by means other than formal contracts(†¦) As individuals form relationships they necessarily bring their accumulated experience and developed personalities with them. In ways unknown to them, what they expect from the relationship reflects the sum total of their conscious and unconscious learning to date†(Armstrong 2006:230). Not every person in organization is aware, that in forming specific demands and expectations he or she bases on own knowledge and experience. Psychological contract is something which is usually not defined, so it can develop in unexpected way and have unforeseen consequences. Good psychological contract have a lot of advantages for an employee as well as for an employer. From the employees point of view proper psychological contract should include: proper approach to an employee (equal treatment, appraisal, understanding, respect), employment stability (it is important part of employment, but with dynamic changes on the labour market is not so attractive as it used to be), promotion (employees are focused on personal development and carrier opportunities), power and responsibilities (ability to make own decisions should be related with person’s skills), trust and commitment (employee, who feels understanding and have trust in own organization is more engaged in work and wants the same from the others). On the other hand employers consider that the psychological contract covers competences, effort, commitment, honesty, loyalty and the attitude consisted with the organization values. Psychological contract between the employee and the organization is created when a person is joining the company. The first stage on which some basis of the psychological contract may occur is the process of selection and recruitment. Employer presents own requirements and demands, invites selected persons for an interview and afterwards makes an opinion about the cohesion between the candidate and own organization. Employee acts similarly. After getting to know the organization’s offer he or she should know whether that job is for him or for her appropriate for the offered salary and the level of skills. Psychological contract is not constant, it is not something that stays still. â€Å"The psychological contract remains beneath the surface of relationships and is dynamic in character, continually changing, and frequently unacknowledged. It is a manifestation, too, of the ideals— ego ideals— that one party to the contract has for the other†(Burke 1999:20). It changes, because its environment is changing. External and internal factors have great influence over its state. Internal changes are caused by the market competition. Nowadays career is not always developing from the bottom to the top. It sometimes can be horizontal, which means that individual employee development is not a guarantee of the promotion. Now, in the companies very important are flexibility and capability to changes. Employers are not currently interested in keeping the same team for all time. They make further co-operation dependent on the level of demand of the employee‘s abilities for the company. Because of the nstability in employment Hiltrop suggested new type of psychological contract. According to him: â€Å"There is no job security. The employee will be employed as long as he or she adds value to the organization, and is personally responsible for finding new ways to add value. In return, the employee has the right to demand interesting and important work, has the freedom and resources to perform it well, receives pay that reflects his or her contribution, and gets the experience and training needed to be employable here or elsewhere†(Armstrong 2006:233). The new psychological contract does not guarantee a job for a lifetime. From my own experience I am able to say how important is the psychological contract for an employee. I was working for a building society, which was growing very well. As an employee I could expect from my employer appreciation and respect for my work. The responsibilities and duties for each of us were very clearly. The financial bonuses were the most motivational factor for all of us, because they were really high. The company has very good approach to its employees. When it generated more profits than it was presumed 25% of randomly chosen employees was going for a fully sponsored one week trip for one of the European countries. Also twice a year there was an integrating trip for all employees and lottery with the main prize of 50% of annual salary. None of this was formally written. It was the company’s customs. The best performing salesman had a company car and a mobile phone for an unlimited disposition with the option of buying them from the company after certain time. The loyalty to the company was very high. Nobody has left work by himself/herself since the establishment. Employees were very well motivated, because they knew that they would be appreciated. Thanks to those actions everybody were aimed for the company’s success. They were aware that when the company will gain profits and when the managers will be pleased with their performance the reward will be proper. The relationship between the employees and the organization has been changing recently. The employees want to develop their skills and if the company do not provide any training or development options for them they will leave, because their motivation to action will decrease. Nearly nobody wants to put an effort into company’s performance without being appreciated for it. Underestimated employees will not put much effort into their work. Motivation theories are old and not always adequate for today’s labour market. Employers are trying to motivate people in a different way, using different approaches and different points of view. Theoretical knowledge about motivation can be put into practice to see and explain, not only the psychological mechanism of organizational behaviour, but also to formulate diagnosis. Psychological factors of responsibility for the individual’s level of organizational behaviour have the basic meaning for understanding the peoples’ role in the organization and effective human resources management. Motivation theories are not flexible. They have their definitions, which contain certain rules and factors that create them. The psychological contract is much more flexible and can be changed under some special circumstances and mutual admittance. The negative side of the psychological contract is that, when one of the sides will not feel that their expectations and needs are fulfilled the trust and commitment will decrease. When these two factors are low the performance, positive attitude and motivation are poor. Motivation is important to keep the psychological contract, because without it the whole idea of the psychological contract is useless. Psychological contract has more determinant power than motivation theories. Unwritten mutual expectations, when are appeased, can motivate very well. People can find themselves united with the organization and its goals. Good leaders and managers will do their best to satisfy an employee, but on the other hand they will expect the same from him/her. Retaining positive employment relationship and psychological contract can have great influence over the company’s performance and image. List of references Adair, J. (2006) Leadership and motivation. London. Kogan Page Limited Armstrong, M.. (2006) 10th ednHandbook of Human Resource Management Practice. London. Kogan Page,Limited. Buchanan, D. , Huczynski A. (2004) 5th edn Organizational Behaviour. An Introductory Text. Essex. The Prentice Hall. Burke, E. (1999) Corporate Community Relations : The Principle of the Neighbor of Choice. Westport. Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated. Hunter, S. (2007) Motivation in the Workplace: Applying Maslow and Herzberg Theories. online] Available from [1 Dec 2008] Kermally, S. (2005) Gurus on people management. Oxford. Thorogood Miner, J. (2006) Organizational Behaviour 1: Essential Theories of Motivation and Leadership. New York. M. E. Sharp Inc. Robertson, I. , Smith, M. , Cooper, D. (1992) 2nd edn Motivation strategies, theory and practice. London. Institute of Personnel Management. Thomson, R. 3rd edn. (2002) Managing people. Oxford. Butterworth Heinemann. Tyson, S. , York, A. (1993) Personnel management. Oxford. Made Simple Books.

Review on Red Dragon essays

Review on Red Dragon essays In the movie Red Dragon, Hannibal Lecter is once again playing the role of a serial killer villain trying to help the F.B.I solve murder investigations. Except, in the opening of this movie it shows Lecter living a normal civilian life watching a musical. I thought the beginning scene when Lecter focuses on one of the musicians and then later eats him, was brilliant. I dont think anyone expected that to be the opening of the movie. I expected him breaking of prison in this movie, but I never expected to see him living a normal life. I was also surprised when Will Graham was stabbed and Lecter was shot. I think the movie would have been more interesting if they showed Lecter getting away and living more of the civilian life. I was surprised that he was jailed so quickly. I thought Red Dragon was very similar to Silence of the Lambs the way the storyline focused on Lecter in prison with him helping the F.B.I, but also helping serial killer Francis Dolarhyde. Francis Dolarhyde, otherwise known as the Tooth Fairy in the movie was the serial killer that the F.B.I was trying to catch with Lecters help. I was expecting much more gory killing scenes in this movie. I was surprised that there were only a few of them. I personally thought that part of it was better than Silence of the Lambs because there wasnt as many killing scenes. The end of the movie was the best part when Will Graham and investigators think the Tooth Fairy was burned to death. Will went back to his life in Florida with his family thinking they are safe now. When his son runs in the house to get something and doesnt come back Will begins to worry. At that moment I thought it was Lecter that was going after Will and his family. I didnt think it was the Tooth Fairy. When it was all figured out I thought there was definitely going to be a gory k...

How to Write a History Term Paper with Pleasure

How to Write a History Term Paper with Pleasure A term paper is one of the most common formats you are going to deal with throughout your academic career in any subject, and history is not an exception. It presupposes a considerable amount of independent research to be carried out by the student, usually spread over a relatively long period – normally one is given an assignment at the beginning of the term and is supposed to hand in the results by its end. Its ubiquity means only one thing – that if you want to succeed in academia you should study how to deal with such tasks. Choosing a Topic for Your Term Paper This is the most difficult and the most important stage of your work, for you select the subject you are going to work with for the next semester. If you don’t want to spend this time researching something boring or desperately looking for relevant information on some obscure topic, you should approach it carefully. First of all, try to select a topic you are genuinely interested in and know a lot about: it will be both much easier in terms of gathering sources and writing and more rewarding as a process. However, it isn’t always possible – in this case it is perfectly okay to ask your teacher or professor for suggestions (sometimes you will be assigned a topic from the get-go and freed from all the agony of choosing) or selecting something that has a considerable body of literature you can use as sources. Once you’ve settled upon the general topic, narrow it down. You should maintain the balance between making the topic too specialized and risking having insufficient info to go by and leaving it too general and vague – in this case, you won’t have an opportunity to sufficiently analyze anything, and the paper will turn out shallow. Now that you’ve decided on what you are going to write about, try to formulate a historical question about your subject matter. It is very important – History is, first and foremost, an objective science that deals with facts, causes, effects and changes. The ethical and moral evaluation of the facts doesn’t belong to its domain, it is a subject of the theology of philosophy. Therefore, a question like â€Å"Was Julius Caesar a morally good man?† is not a historical question, while a question like â€Å"How did the assassination of Julius Caesar influence the history of Western Europe?† is valid. A good rule of a thumb is to look for questions dealing with causes, effects and changes without drawing attention to moral or emotional side of things. Here are some history term paper topics you can use as examples: Primary Reasons for Hitler’s Rise to Power; Rome and Carthage: How the Cultural Aspects of These Two Civilizations Determined the Outcome of The Punic Wars; Mongol Invasion and Its Role in the History of Europe; The Role Of Battle of Varna in Determining the Course of European History; The Reasons for Caribbean Missile Crisis. Preparatory Work Preliminary Research Ideally, you should already have at least a basic understanding of the topic you deal with. If you don’t, get a general source of information on the topic, preferably a recent one. If necessary, make changes to your topic based on the amount of info you’ve found. Preliminary Bibliography While you read and collect basic information, note the sources mentioned in the books and articles you study. Even if you don’t use all of them extensively in your work, the more titles you have in your bibliography, the better. Decide what kind of information you will need for your research and where you can obtain it. If you cannot immediately locate the sources of such data, don’t be afraid to ask. Your professor can recommend you where to begin; then there is always a reference librarian and other people who’ve written on similar topics in the past (or are writing right now). Ask around, be proactive in your search and you will find what you need. Make sure to prepare your questions carefully and be specific in your search – this drastically increases the likelihood of positive outcomes. Full Bibliography Some sources may crop up in the process of writing, sometimes quite unexpectedly, but at this point you should have already defined in what direction you are going to move and what the primary foundations of your paper are going to be. In addition to that, gathering up your bibliography before you start will allow you to further refine your question. You may find out that there is precious little info on the subject you intended to make the centerpiece of your paper and a lot more on a secondary point of interest. In this case, you may want to reorient your paper. If possible, don’t rely on a single source of information on any subject, try to find several sources corroborating each other’s evidence. Main Research After gathering your primary sources, it is time to do most of your research. Don’t get overenthusiastic, though – it is all too easy to get lost in details and keep on reading up on the topic, getting additional books through the bibliographies of the ones you’ve already went through. Usually it is done because you want to put off starting to actually write something. Make sure you set a limit after which you will not continue reading. Once you feel you have enough information, just stop it, and start writing. You will have an opportunity to do extra research later if necessary. Don’t forget to make notes throughout your research. Writing the Paper: History Term Paper Writing Tips from Our Agency Writers Title A term paper is a legitimate research assignment – it is more concerned with the facts than with catchy wording. Therefore, the only thing you should keep in mind when choosing the title is that you should make it as correct and consistent with the paper’s contents as possible. If you find yourself drifting from your original direction later on, return to the title and change it if necessary. Thesis Statement This is a preliminary outline where you define the major argument you are going to make in the paper. Don’t go into too much detail – simply delineate the general area of research, mention the main points and subpoints. Don’t worry if you have to change some of them in the course of work – it is only natural in a research assignment. Body Paragraphs You paper is likely to go through a number of iterations before you can finally submit a finished version. Most often, we talk about three drafts. First, or Rough Draft You start writing the first draft immediately when you have the minimal sufficient amount of information. So far, don’t worry if there are gaps left in your argumentation – simply mark down places that need additional elaboration and return to them later. The important thing, for now, is to start writing and find the framework around which you will build the rest of your paper. The longer you put actual writing off, the more difficult will it be to start. Don’t bother writing an introduction for now – such things are best left until much later when you have a very clear understanding of what your paper is about. For now, concentrate on the â€Å"meat† of your paper. Second Draft After you’ve finished the first draft, you should set it aside for a couple of days – at least if you have time enough for that. This interval will allow you to approach your paper more objectively. You will, most likely, discover a number of flaws: that you don’t offer enough argumentation to support your viewpoint, that your thesis changes in the process of writing, etc. It is normal and reflects your changing perspective on the subject matter – so don’t try to fight it and instead adapt the paper according to how your perception of the topic changes. Write another thesis statement for the paper, taking into account your experience when writing the rough draft. Ask yourself whether the paper structure you’ve adopted is as effective as you thought, whether your argumentation is sufficient, whether your starting idea still holds water. If at this point you find that something is lacking about the paper the way you built it so far, don’t hesitate to make fundamental changes in its structure – it is better to spend extra time and effort now than to get an insufficient grade later. Then write the second draft, correcting mistakes, making sure your arguments flow naturally and logically and there are no gaps in them. This doesn’t, of course, mean that you have to rewrite the paper in its entirety every time – you can achieve much the same effect by rearranging, editing and adding to the original draft. An important point is that you have to use topic sentences at the start of your paragraphs: that is, you should visually separate your arguments into paragraphs or groups of paragraphs and point out the argument you are about to make in the beginning of each such segment. Revision and Editing This can almost be considered the third draft. Although you aren’t supposed to make any drastic changes in your paper at this stage, it can still be considerably altered by the time you finish with it. What you have to do now is mostly ensure your paper both complies with the formal requirements of your educational institution and follows the best practices accepted in academia. Wording Check if you have been using any stylistically unacceptable words, structures or expressions. There shouldn’t be any slang or informal words, contractions and overly emotional expressions. Analyze sentence structures you’ve used and remove or alter poorly phrased ones. Replace passive voice and bulky noun constructions with active voice and verbal constructions where possible, but don’t do it mechanically – sometimes a forced replacement of this kind looks even more forced than the original, so follow your common sense. Remove repetitions. If you use split infinitives, check if they can be replaced (again, if you feel that in a particular case such a structure looks better, don’t go out of your way to eliminate it). Try to make your writing simpler. A 50-word sentence of 8-syllable words where you can do with 10 two-syllable words is a sign not of wit and knowledge but of pomposity and lack of anything important to say. Break up sentences, eliminate unnecessary words, look for shorter and simpler words when possible, avoid trying to look more intelligent than you feel. Logic Check if arguments logically connect with each other, if there are logical transitions between them. Reread the paper critically, asking yourself if each subsequent argument really follows from the preceding one and whether you provide sufficient proof. Spellchecking and proofreading Text processors make this task much easier than in the past, but there are still many opportunities to make mistakes. Here are some things you should check: â€Å"Then† and â€Å"than†; â€Å"Your† and â€Å"you’re†; â€Å"Their†, â€Å"they’re† and â€Å"there†; â€Å"Its† and â€Å"it’s†; â€Å"Assure† and â€Å"ensure†; â€Å"Principle† and â€Å"principal†; â€Å"Lose† and â€Å"Loose†; â€Å"Effect† and â€Å"affect†; â€Å"Weather† and â€Å"whether†. There are many other common mistakes, but these are probably the most ubiquitous. Check their meanings and usage in dictionaries and textbooks if you feel unsure. Formatting You should carefully study the style guide used by your educational institution before starting to write, but some mistakes are unavoidable. Take some time to reread the entire paper with it in front of you and check if you’ve done everything right. Pay special attention to quotations and bibliography. What Our Experts Say About History Term Paper Writing No matter how careful and attentive you are, your paper is your paper, and you are bound to take some things for granted. Another person will provide a completely new view of your work and will help uncover potential problems, so try to find somebody whom you can trust to read the paper attentively enough and provide valuable feedback. Somebody well-versed in history is best, but anybody will do in a pinch – even if they won’t be able to point out the factual mistakes, they still can notice errors in reasoning or structure.